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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate if the reductions in systemic and renal oxygen consumption are associated with the development of evidence of anaerobic metabolism. Methods: This is a subanalysis of a previously published study. In anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep, we measured the respiratory quotient by indirect calorimetry and its systemic, renal, and intestinal surrogates (the ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference. The Endotoxemic Shock Group (n = 12) was measured at baseline, after 60 minutes of endotoxemic shock, and after 60 and 120 minutes of fluid and norepinephrine resuscitation, and the values were compared with those of a Control Group (n = 12) without interventions. Results: Endotoxemic shock decreased systemic and renal oxygen consumption (6.3 [5.6 - 6.6] versus 7.4 [6.3 - 8.5] mL/minute/kg and 3.7 [3.3 - 4.5] versus 5.4 [4.6 - 9.4] mL/minute/100g; p < 0.05 for both). After 120 minutes of resuscitation, systemic oxygen consumption was normalized, but renal oxygen consumption remained decreased (6.3 [5.9 - 8.2] versus 7.1 [6.1 - 8.6] mL/minute/100g; p = not significance and 3.8 [1.9 - 4.8] versus 5.7 [4.5 - 7.1]; p < 0.05). The respiratory quotient and the systemic, renal and intestinal ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference did not change throughout the experiments. Conclusion: In this experimental model of septic shock, oxygen supply dependence was not associated with increases in the respiratory quotient or its surrogates. Putative explanations for these findings are the absence of anaerobic metabolism or the poor sensitivity of these variables in detecting this condition.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se as reduções do consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal estão associadas ao desenvolvimento de evidências de metabolismo anaeróbico. Métodos: Esta é uma subanálise de estudo já publicado. Em ovinos anestesiados e ventilados mecanicamente, medimos o quociente respiratório por calorimetria indireta e seus substitutos sistêmicos, renais e intestinais (as razões entre a diferença de pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio). O Grupo Choque Endotoxêmico (n = 12) foi medido inicialmente, após 60 minutos do choque endotoxêmico e após 60 e 120 minutos da ressuscitação com fluidos e norepinefrina, e os valores foram comparados com os do Grupo Controle (n = 12) sem intervenções. Resultados: O choque endotoxêmico diminuiu o consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal (6,3 [5,6 - 6,6] versus 7,4 [6,3 - 8,5] mL/minuto/kg e 3,7 [3,3 - 4,5] versus 5,4 [4,6 - 9,4] mL/minuto/100g; p < 0,05 para ambos). Após 120 minutos de ressuscitação, o consumo sistêmico de oxigênio foi normalizado, mas o consumo renal de oxigênio permaneceu reduzido (6,3 [5,9 - 8,2] versus 7,1 [6,1 - 8,6] mL/minuto/100g; p = NS e 3,8 [1,9 - 4,8] versus 5,7 [4,5 - 7,1]; p < 0,05). O quociente respiratório e as razões sistêmica, renal e intestinal entre a diferença na pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio não se alteraram ao longo dos experimentos. Conclusão: Nesse modelo experimental de choque séptico, a dependência do suprimento de oxigênio não foi associada a aumentos no quociente respiratório ou em seus substitutos. As explicações possíveis para esses achados são a ausência de metabolismo anaeróbico ou a baixa sensibilidade dessas variáveis na detecção dessa condição.
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RESUMEN Streptococcus Constellatus es un microorganismo comensal en el humano, pero puede causar infecciones en diferentes lugares. Reportamos el caso de un escolar con empiema pleural causado por este microorganismo en asociación a anaerobios. El paciente fue tratado con un drenaje pleural y recibió antibioticoterapia durante seis semanas. Fue dado de alta en buenas condiciones. Se discute el caso y se hace revisión de la literatura. Conclusión: En los últimos 5 años, la enfermedad del dengue produce una carga económica y de enfermedad sustancial en Paraguay. Se requiere la sostenibilidad y el fortalecimiento de acciones multisectoriales para reducir el impacto económico del dengue en la población paraguaya.
ABSTRACT Streptococcus constellatus is a commensal microorganism in humans, but it can cause sometimes different types of infections. We report the case of school-age children with pleural empyema caused by this microorganism in association with anaerobic bacteria. The patient was treated with a pleural drainage and received antibiotic therapy for six weeks. It was discharged in good condition. The case is discussed and literature review is done.
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Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud estima que anualmente ocurren 10 millones de casos incidentes de Tuberculosis (TB) en el mundo, de los cuales 10% ocurren en niños <15 años. Las dificultades en el acceso a los establecimientos de salud y el retraso en el diagnóstico y tratamiento apropiados incrementan la mortalidad en el niño. analizar las características Objetivos: clínicas, laboratoriales y los factores asociados a mortalidad en <19 años en pacientes hospitalizados por TB en Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis, hospitalizados, durante los años 2010 a 2018. Los datos fueron obtenidos de base de datos del Departamento de Epidemiología. Las variables incluidas fueron datos demográficos, formas de presentación, diagnostico, tratamiento y factores asociados a la mortalidad. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y analítico. Se considero error alfa < 5%. Resultados: Se identificaron 98 pacientes (pts) ≤19 años, con edad media de 9,3±6,3 años, 65,3% de sexo masculino. El 34,6% con infección por Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, y el 23,4% (23/98) con desnutrición. El 42,4% procedían de poblaciones con <100.000 hab y el 23,4% pertenecían a pueblos originarios. El 19,4% (19/98) fallecieron. La mortalidad se asocio a vivienda en poblaciones con <100.000 habitantes (33,3% vs 8,9%, p=0,02. RR=2,3. IC 1,1 5,0). La mortalidad fue más en la forma de tuberculosis meníngea (46,2% vs 15,3%, p<0,01. RR= 3,0; IC 1,4 6,5). Conclusiones: La TB predominó en el sexo masculino, más del 80% presento comorbilidades. La mortalidad fue elevada y se asocio a viviendas en aéreas con<100.000 habitantes y la TB meníngea.
Introduction The World Health Organization estimates that 10 million new cases of Tuberculosis occur annually in the world, of which 10% occur in children <15 years of age. Difficulties in accessing health facilities and delaying in the diagnosis and treatment increase mortality in childhood. Objectives: to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics and factors associated with mortality in patients < 19 years of age who were hospitalized for TB at the Institute of Tropical Medicine. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective, observational study. We included hospitalized patients diagnosed with TB during the years 2010 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Hospital Epidemiology Department's database. The variables were demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and factors associated with mortality. Descriptive and analytical analysis was performed. Alpha error was considered <5%. Results: 98 patients (pts) ≤19 years old were identified, with a mean age of 9.3 ± 6.3 y e a r s , 6 5 . 3 % w e r e m a l e . 3 4 . 6 % h a d h u m a n immunodeficiency virus infection, and 23.4% (23/98) had malnutrition. 42.4% lived in areas with a population with <100,000 inhabitants and 23.4% belonged to native people groups. 19.4% (19/98) died. Mortality was associated with living areas with a population with <100,000 inhabitants (33.3% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.02. RR = 2.3. CI 1.1 - 5.0). Mortality was higher in meningeal tuberculosis presentations (46.2% vs. 15.3%, p <0.01. RR = 3.0; CI 1.4 - 6.5). Conclusions: Tuberculosis predominated in males, more than 80% presented with comorbidities. Mortality was high and was associated with living in areas with <100,000 inhabitants and TB meningeal form.
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Tuberculose , Fatores de Risco , Mortalidade , PediatriaRESUMO
Introducción: La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica (EGC) es causada por un defecto en una de las subunidades de nicotinamida fosfato (NADPH) oxidasa, produciendo en los fagocitos una falla en la producción del superóxido. Como resultado, los pacientes presentan infecciones bacterianas y fúngicas recurrentes. Objetivos: analizar las características clínicas, manifestaciones infecciosas, los microrganismos aislados, así como la evolución de los pacientes que fueron diagnosticados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical desde en el periodo 1991 - 2017. Materiales y Métodos: fueron incluidos pacientes con diagnóstico de EGC. Se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de pacientes con EGC hospitalizados, se determinaron las características clínico-demográficas, incluyendo la edad del inicio de las manifestaciones clínicas, edad de diagnóstico, antecedentes de consanguinidad en la familia, historia familiar de cuadros similares, manifestaciones clínicas, frecuencia de cuadros infecciosos, complicaciones asociadas a la vacuna BCG, días de hospitalización y evolución de la enfermedad. Resultados: se identificaron 11 pacientes (8 varones y 3 mujeres). Todos los pacientes pertenecían a 8 familias, se identificaron 2 familias con más de un miembro afectado (1 familia con 2 hermanas y otra con 2 primos y una tía afectados). Dos de los 11 pacientes tenían antecedentes de familiares con muerte prematura dentro de las 3 generaciones. La edad media de inicio de síntomas fue de 14.5±10,3 meses y al momento del diagnóstico de 32.4±25,06 meses. En un paciente se identificó antecedentes de consanguinidad, aunque todos recibieron la vacuna BCG, ninguno presento historia de becegeitis. La media de cuadros infecciosos que requirieron hospitalización fue de 3±1,7. Durante el periodo de estudio, los pacientes presentaron 38 cuadros infecciosos. Las infecciones pulmonares fueron las más frecuentemente observadas 42,1% (16/38), incluyendo las neumonías (9/38), absceso pulmonar (1/38), tuberculosis pulmonar (1/38) y bronquiolitis (14/38). Otros cuadros infecciosos que requirieron hospitalización fueron las sepsis 18,4% (7/38), uno de ellos con endocarditis, adenitis 13,2% (5/38), infecciones de piel y partes blandas 13,2% (5/38), meningitis bacteriana y osteomielitis 2,6% (1/38), respectivamente. En 19 de los cuadros infecciosos se aisló el microrganismo causante, siendo el más frecuente el S. aureus (n=9), pero en 10 casos se aisló un microrganismo inusual [Aspergillus (n = 4), Chromobacterium violaceum, Burkholderia cepacia, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (uno en cada caso]. El tiempo medio de hospitalización fue de 23,3±14,1 días y la mortalidad acumulada de 3/11. Conclusiones: Coincidente con otras series la mayoría de los casos de EGC, en Paraguay, se observó en varones, y la edad de inicio de síntomas fue antes de los 2 años de edad. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad fue relativamente precoz. El sitio infeccioso más frecuente fue el pulmonar, siendo el microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado el S. aureus, aunque se aislaron microorganismos inusuales en una proporción significativa. Es fundamental considerar esta ID en pacientes con cuadros infecciosos de evolución tórpida y por microorganismos inusuales.
Introduction: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by a defect in one of the subunits of nicotinamide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, producing a failure in the production of superoxide in phagocytes. As a result, patients have recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Objectives: to analyze the clinical characteristics, infectious manifestations, the isolated microorganisms, as well as the evolution of patients that were diagnosed at the Institute of Tropical Medicine from 1991 to 2017. Materials and Methods: patients with a diagnosis of CGD were included. Clinical records of hospitalized CGD patients were reviewed, clinical-demographic characteristics were determined, including the age of onset of clinical manifestations, age of diagnosis, family history of consanguinity, family history of similar conditions, clinical manifestations, frequency of infectious diseases, complications associated with the BCG vaccine, hospitalization days and disease evolution. Results: 11 patients were identified (8 men and 3 women). All the patients belonged to 8 families, 2 families were identified who had more than one affected member (1 family with 2 sisters and another with 2 affected cousins and one aunt). Two of the 11 patients had a family history of premature death within 3 generations. The mean age of symptom onset was 14.5 ± 10.3 months and age at the time of diagnosis was 32.4 ± 25.06 months. In one patient, a history of consanguinity was identified; although all patients received the BCG vaccine, none presented a history of BCG adenitis. The mean number of infectious cases that required hospitalization was 3 ± 1.7. During the study period, patients presented with 38 infectious conditions. Pulmonary infections were the most frequently observed 42.1% (16/38), including pneumonia (9/38), lung abscess (1/38), pulmonary tuberculosis (1/38) and bronchiolitis (14/38). Other infectious conditions that required hospitalization were sepsis 18.4% (7/38), one of them with endocarditis, adenitis 13.2% (5/38), skin and soft tissue infections 13.2% (5/38), bacterial meningitis and osteomyelitis 2.6% (1/38), respectively. In 19 of the infectious conditions, the causative microorganism was isolated, the most frequent being S. aureus (n = 9), but in 10 cases an unusual microorganism was isolated [Aspergillus (n = 4), Chromobacterium violaceum, Burkholderia cepacia, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (one in each case.)] The mean hospitalization time was 23.3 ± 14.1 days and the accumulated mortality of 3/11. Conclusions: Coinciding with other series, most cases of CGD in Paraguay were observed in males, and the age of onset of symptoms was before 2 years of age.The diagnosis of the disease was made relatively early. The most frequent infectious site were the lungs, with the microorganism most frequently isolated being S. aureus, although unusual microorganisms were isolated in a significant number of cases. It is essential to consider this diagnosis in patients with recurrent bouts of infectious conditions and caused by unusual microorganisms.
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RESUMO A dobutamina é o inotrópico mais comumente utilizado em pacientes com choque séptico, com o objetivo de aumentar o débito cardíaco e corrigir a hipoperfusão. Embora alguns ensaios clínicos tenham demonstrado que a dobutamina pode melhorar a hemodinâmica sistêmica e regional, outras pesquisas identificaram que seus efeitos são heterogêneos e imprevisíveis. Nesta revisão, analisamos as propriedades farmacodinâmicas da dobutamina e seus efeitos fisiológicos. Nosso objetivo foi demonstrar que os efeitos da dobutamina podem diferir entre voluntários saudáveis, estudos experimentais e insuficiência cardíaca clínica, em modelos de estudo em animais e em pacientes com choque séptico. Discutimos as evidências que suportam a afirmativa de que a dobutamina utilizada no tratamento do choque séptico frequentemente se comporta como fármaco cronotrópico e vasodilatador, sem evidências de ação inotrópica. Como seus efeitos colaterais são muito comuns e os benefícios terapêuticos não são claros, sugerimos que ela deve ser utilizada com cautela no choque séptico. Antes de uma decisão terapêutica definitiva, a eficácia e a tolerabilidade da dobutamina devem ser avaliadas por um tempo curto com monitoramento estrito de seus efeitos positivos e efeitos colaterais negativos.
ABSTRACT Dobutamine is the inotrope most commonly used in septic shock patients to increase cardiac output and correct hypoperfusion. Although some experimental and clinical studies have shown that dobutamine can improve systemic and regional hemodynamics, other research has found that its effects are heterogenous and unpredictable. In this review, we analyze the pharmacodynamic properties of dobutamine and its physiologic effects. Our goal is to show that the effects of dobutamine might differ between healthy subjects, in experimental and clinical cardiac failure, in animal models and in patients with septic shock. We discuss evidence supporting the claim that dobutamine, in septic shock, frequently behaves as a chronotropic and vasodilatory drug, without evidence of inotropic action. Since the side effects are very common, and the therapeutic benefits are unclear, we suggest that dobutamine should be used cautiously in septic shock. Before a definitive therapeutic decision, the efficacy and tolerance of dobutamine should be assessed during a brief time with close monitoring of its positive and negative side effects.